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Diagnosis can be challenging as it resembles other conditions&#44; thus leading to delayed identification&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and histopathological characteristics of SUM in Mexican patients treated at a tertiary referral center&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was an observational&#44; retrospective&#44; descriptive&#44; and longitudinal study of patients with subungual melanoma treated from January 2016 through January 2021 at the dermatology unit of Centro M&#233;dico Nacional La Raza in Mexico City&#44; Mexico&#44; a tertiary referral center that treat nearly 1000 patients each year&#46; The study included patients older than 18 years with a histopathological diagnosis of malignant melanoma of the nail unit&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following clinical-pathological variables were collected&#58; affected finger&#44; age&#44; gender&#44; education&#44; affected limb &#40;upper or lower&#41;&#44; affected anatomical region &#40;hand or foot&#44; right or left&#41;&#44; number of affected finger &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">st</span> to 5<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span>&#41;&#44; associated trigger prior to the appearance of the tumor &#40;trauma&#44; de novo&#44; nevus&#41;&#44; family history of melanoma&#44; Breslow thickness&#44; ulceration&#44; positive sentinel lymph node&#44; clinical stage&#44; Hutchinson&#39;s sign&#44; involvement of the hyponychium&#44; presence of nail dystrophy&#44; duration of the lesion until histopathological diagnosis&#44; Clark level&#44; mitotic index&#44; perineural invasion&#44; vascular invasion&#44; tumor spread &#40;local&#58; no lymph node involvement&#59; regional&#58; lymph node involvement&#59; distant&#58; lymph node involvement beyond regional nodes or organs&#41;&#44; recurrence&#44; metastasis&#44; and site of metastasis&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive statistics was used&#46; The involvement of the hyponychium&#44; Hutchinson&#39;s sign&#44; the affected segment&#44; and mortality were compared to gender&#44; poor prognostic factors &#40;recurrence&#44; positive sentinel node&#44; Breslow thickness&#44; affected segment&#41;&#44; and death using the chi-square test&#44; or Fisher&#39;s exact test and the Mann-Whitney U test&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> values<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05 were considered statistically significant&#46; This study was approved by Centro M&#233;dico Nacional La Raza research ethics committee&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Results</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 57 &#40;19&#37;&#41; out of 303 patients diagnosed with melanoma were identified with subungual melanoma&#44; with a median age of 71 years&#46; Most patients were men &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>35&#59; 61&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; with a median 6-month evolution prior to diagnosis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most affected body segment was the lower limbs &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#59; 52&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46; However&#44; the most affected region was the left hand &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#59; 29&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; and overall&#44; the most affected finger was the 1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">st</span> one &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>43&#59; 75&#46;4&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1A-F</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hutchinson&#39;s sign was present in 57&#46;9&#37; of the cases&#44; and the hyponychium was compromised in 52&#46;6&#37; of the cases&#46; Most were de novo melanomas &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>47&#59; 82&#46;5&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most common histological subtype was acral lentiginous &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>39&#59; 68&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#46; Eight out of 11 cases of nodular melanoma reported were amelanotic&#46; The median Breslow thickness and mitosis was 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and 2 mitoses per field&#44; respectively&#46; Sentinel lymph node metastasis was confirmed in 16 patients &#40;28&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#46; Most patients had localized tumors &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>41&#59; 72&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the AJCC 2018 classification&#44; the most common stage was IA &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#59; 28&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#46; The median follow-up was 66 months&#44; with a rate of recurrence of 19&#46;3&#37; and metastasis in 5 cases &#40;9&#37;&#41; &#91;4 &#40;80&#37;&#41; in the lungs&#93;&#46; The mortality rate was 8&#46;8&#37; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with Hutchinson&#39;s sign were more prone to having positive sentinel lymph nodes &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;040&#41;&#46; Patients with higher mortality rates were those with 1 recurrence &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;045&#41;&#44; high Breslow thickness &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;045&#41;&#44; positive sentinel lymph nodes &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#44; and higher AJCC stages &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#46; No significant differences were found between the clinical-histopathological characteristics and the affected segment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0030">Appendix&#59; Tables 2-4</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Discussion</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of SUM varies depending on the population&#44; from 1&#37; in Caucasians to 23&#37; in Japanese&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;4</span></a> In our study&#44; all patients were Mexican mestizos&#44; with an incidence rate of 19&#37;&#44; which is higher than that reported by Mejbel et al&#46; &#40;19&#37; vs 14&#37;&#44; respectively&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Men are more commonly affected in most series&#44; as the studies conducted by Chakera &#40;61&#37;&#41;&#44;2 Mejbel &#40;53&#37;&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> and our own study demonstrated &#40;61&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; with a median age from 40 to 70 years&#46; A past disease history of over 15 months has been reported&#46; However&#44; in our series&#44; it was shorter &#40;6 months&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Clinically&#44; the lower limbs are often the most affected ones &#40;50&#37; to 60&#37;&#41;&#44; mainly the 1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">st</span> toe &#40;50&#37; to 70&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;6</span></a> However&#44; Chekera et al&#46; reported a higher involvement of the left hand &#40;53&#37;&#41;&#46;2 In our study&#44; although the lower limbs were the most affected ones &#40;52&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; when results were split by region&#44; the left hand revealed more cases of SUM &#40;30&#37;&#41;&#46; Although de novo appearance is the most common one &#40;as it was the case in our study&#41;&#44; up to 28&#37; of trauma-related cases of SUM have been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a> Hutchinson&#39;s sign has been reported in over 70&#37; of all cases of SUM&#46; However&#44; in our study&#44; it was found in less than 60&#37; of the cases&#46; All our cases had it on one nail only&#46; We should mention that patients with Hutchinson&#39;s sign were more prone to having positive sentinel lymph nodes &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most widely reported subtype of SUM is acral lentiginous &#40;57&#37;&#41;&#44; with a Breslow thickness median from 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm to 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a> which is similar to that from our study&#46; Ulceration and vascular invasion tend to be more common in this type of melanoma&#44; with incidence rates of 60&#37; to 80&#37; for each of these histopathological characteristics&#44; according to different series&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;8</span></a> However&#44; this observation is important since we could confirm lower rates &#40;&#60; 30&#37;&#41; in these variables in our cases&#46; The perineural invasion reported by authors such as Mejbel &#40;22&#37;&#41;5 was similar to the one reported in our study&#46; It can be hypothesized that patients with SUM from the cited studies present with advanced stages of the disease&#46; In our case&#44; earlier stages of the disease were observed &#40;AJCC IA&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The recurrence of SUM varies from 4&#37; to 44&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;9</span></a> which is similar to the results obtained from our study&#46; The presence of distant metastasis was lower in our patients with SUM compared to what Mejbel&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> and Yoo8 reported &#40;8&#46;8&#37; vs 44&#37; and 29&#46;5&#37;&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; Also&#44; our population had a lower mortality rate &#40;9&#37;&#41;&#44; which differs from the data reported by Chakera et al&#46; &#40;30&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The limitations of this study include its retrospective nature&#44; missing data such as melanonychia morphology features&#44; the lack of a control group for comparison purposes&#44; and the need for more statistical power&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; this study is the first of its kind to specifically describe the characteristics of the Mexican mestizo population with subungual melanoma&#44; which closely resemble those reported in the current scientific medical literature available&#46; However&#44; we could confirm that our patients presented with earlier stages of the disease&#44; and lower rates of distant metastasis&#44; and mortality&#46; Additionally&#44; Hutchinson&#39;s sign could be an early marker for the presence of positive sentinel lymph nodes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Melanoma subungueal"
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            2 => "Signo de Hutchinson"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Although subungual melanoma is uncommon&#44; it is associated with worse outcomes than melanomas in other locations and accounts for 1&#37; to 23&#37; of all melanomas&#44; depending on the population&#46; The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and histopathologic features of subungual melanoma in a Mexican population&#46; We identified 303 patients with melanoma&#44; and of these&#44; 19&#37; &#40;57 patients with a median age of 71 years&#41; had subungual melanoma&#46; The main sites affected were the lower limbs &#40;52&#46;6&#37;&#41; and the toe &#40;75&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#46; The most common histologic subtype was acral lentiginous melanoma &#40;50&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#46; Median Breslow thickness was 3&#160;mm&#44; and stage IA tumors were the most common &#40;in 28&#46;1&#37; of patients&#41;&#46; Recurrence and metastasis occurred in 19&#46;3&#37; and 8&#46;8&#37; of patients&#44; respectively&#46; The clinical and histopathologic features identified are similar to those described in the literature&#46; Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving prognosis&#46;</p></span>"
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      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El melanoma subungueal es un tumor poco com&#250;n&#44; con peor pron&#243;stico comparado con los de otras localizaciones&#46; Corresponde al 1-23&#37; de los melanomas&#44; seg&#250;n la poblaci&#243;n&#46; El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e histopatol&#243;gicas del melanoma subungueal en la poblaci&#243;n mexicana&#46; Se incluyeron 57 pacientes con melanoma subungueal &#40;19&#37; de los 303 melanomas totales&#41;&#44; con una mediana de edad de 71 a&#241;os&#46; La localizaci&#243;n predominante fueron los miembros inferiores &#40;52&#44;6&#37; de los melanomas subungueales&#41; y el primer dedo &#40;75&#44;4&#37; de los casos&#41;&#46; El subtipo histol&#243;gico m&#225;s frecuente fue el acral lentiginoso &#40;50&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#46; La mediana de Breslow fue de 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; El estadio IA fue el m&#225;s frecuente &#40;28&#44;1&#37;&#41;&#46; Se encontr&#243; una tasa de recurrencia del 19&#44;3&#37; y de met&#225;stasis del 8&#44;8&#37;&#46; Las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nico-patol&#243;gicas fueron semejantes a lo descrito en la literatura&#46; Es importante realizar un diagn&#243;stico y tratamiento tempranos de cara a mejorar su pron&#243;stico&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical features of subungual melanomas&#46; A&#41; Nail dystrophy with Hutchinson&#39;s sign affecting the proximal&#44; left lateral&#44; and distal fold of the right hallux&#46; B&#41; Amelanotic nodular growth on the right hallux&#46; C&#41; 1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">st</span> finger of the right hand with Hutchinson&#39;s sign affecting the entire nail apparatus&#46; D&#41; Right hallux with Hutchinson&#39;s sign affecting the entire nail apparatus&#46; E&#41; Left hallux with nodular growth&#44; Hutchinson&#39;s sign&#44; and involvement of the proximal&#44; left lateral&#44; and distal fold&#46; F&#41; Longitudinal melanonychia on the right hand 1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">st</span> finger&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Population</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">71 &#40;60-82&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">35 &#40;61&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;38&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;22&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>High school&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>College degree&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;3&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Disease progression &#40;months&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;3-12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Family history of melanoma</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;53&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clinical features</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Segment affected</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Upper limb&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27 &#40;47&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lower limb&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;52&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Region affected</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Right hand&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;17&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Left hand&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;29&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Right foot&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;28&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Left foot&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;24&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Finger affected</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">st</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">43 &#40;75&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">nd</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;5&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">rd</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;5&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;14&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clinical presentation</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Longitudinal melanonychia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;49&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Melanonychia of the entire nail apparatus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nodular neoformation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;35&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nail bed ulcer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hutchinson&#39;s sign</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33 &#40;57&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fold affected by Hutchinson&#39;s sign&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;36&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Proximal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Distal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;46&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Proximal <span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span> distal <span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span> left lateral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;15&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">The entire nail apparatus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hyponychium involvement</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nail dystrophy</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;52&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Association</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;26&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nevo</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;8&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Novo</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trauma</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Histopathological features</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Histopathological subtype</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">47 &#40;82&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Superficial spread</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;8&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nodular</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;3&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acral lentiginous</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;19&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Desmoplastic</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39 &#40;68&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Unspecified</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Breslow thickness &#40;mm&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">No&#46; of mitoses&#47;mm</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;0&#46;5-5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ulceration</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;0&#46;5-3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Perineural invasion</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;35&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Vascular invasion</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;14&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clark level</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;12&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26 &#40;45&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;12&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;12&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;28&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Positive sentinel node</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;28&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tumor spread</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Local</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Regional</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41 &#40;72&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Distant</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;19&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">AJCC 8</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">th</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Edition Classification</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;28&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IB&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;8&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IIA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IIB&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;10&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IIC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;12&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IIIC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;15&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;8&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Time of recurrence &#40;months&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;6-25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;20&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mortality</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;8&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Results are expressed as frequencies &#40;&#37;&#41;&#46; medians &#40;q1-q3&#41;&#46;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Vol. 115. Núm. 3.
Páginas T293-T297 (marzo 2024)
Brief Comunication
Acceso a texto completo
Clinical and Histopathologic Features of Subungual Melanoma in 57 Mexican Patients: A 5-Year Cohort Study
Características clínicas e histopatológicas de melanoma subungueal en 57 pacientes mexicanos: una cohorte de 5 años
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G.A. Silva Garcíaa, C.D. Sánchez Cárdenasa,
Autor para correspondencia
jefegrillo@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, T. Mendoza Ibarraa, C.A. Pérez Martínezb, R.M. Guevara Castilloa, N. Pulido Díaza
a Servicio de Dermatología, Centro Médico Nacional «La Raza», Ciudad de México, Mexico
b Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital General «Ajusco Medio», Secretaría de Salud de México, Estado de México, Mexico
Contenido relacionado
G.A. Silva García, C.D. Sánchez Cárdenas, T. Mendoza Ibarra, C.A. Pérez Martínez, R.M. Guevara Castillo, N. Pulido Díaz
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Table 1. Clinical and histopathological characteristics of patients with subungual melanoma.
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Abstract

Although subungual melanoma is uncommon, it is associated with worse outcomes than melanomas in other locations and accounts for 1% to 23% of all melanomas, depending on the population. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and histopathologic features of subungual melanoma in a Mexican population. We identified 303 patients with melanoma, and of these, 19% (57 patients with a median age of 71 years) had subungual melanoma. The main sites affected were the lower limbs (52.6%) and the toe (75.4%). The most common histologic subtype was acral lentiginous melanoma (50.9%). Median Breslow thickness was 3 mm, and stage IA tumors were the most common (in 28.1% of patients). Recurrence and metastasis occurred in 19.3% and 8.8% of patients, respectively. The clinical and histopathologic features identified are similar to those described in the literature. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving prognosis.

Keywords:
Subungual melanoma
Breslow
Hutchinson's sign
Hyponychium
Resumen

El melanoma subungueal es un tumor poco común, con peor pronóstico comparado con los de otras localizaciones. Corresponde al 1-23% de los melanomas, según la población. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características clínicas e histopatológicas del melanoma subungueal en la población mexicana. Se incluyeron 57 pacientes con melanoma subungueal (19% de los 303 melanomas totales), con una mediana de edad de 71 años. La localización predominante fueron los miembros inferiores (52,6% de los melanomas subungueales) y el primer dedo (75,4% de los casos). El subtipo histológico más frecuente fue el acral lentiginoso (50,9%). La mediana de Breslow fue de 3mm. El estadio IA fue el más frecuente (28,1%). Se encontró una tasa de recurrencia del 19,3% y de metástasis del 8,8%. Las características clínico-patológicas fueron semejantes a lo descrito en la literatura. Es importante realizar un diagnóstico y tratamiento tempranos de cara a mejorar su pronóstico.

Palabras clave:
Melanoma subungueal
Breslow
Signo de Hutchinson
Hiponiquio
Texto completo
Introduction

Subungual melanoma (SUM) is a rare tumor of the nail matrix and bed that is associated with a worse prognosis compared to melanomas in other locations, mainly due to its advanced stage at diagnosis.1 It represents 1% to 3% of all the melanomas reported among Caucasians and up to 23% of all neoplasms reported among the Japanese population.1–3 The onset of SUM is more common between the 5th and 7th decades of life, with no gender predilection. Diagnosis can be challenging as it resembles other conditions, thus leading to delayed identification.4 The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and histopathological characteristics of SUM in Mexican patients treated at a tertiary referral center.

Materials and methods

This was an observational, retrospective, descriptive, and longitudinal study of patients with subungual melanoma treated from January 2016 through January 2021 at the dermatology unit of Centro Médico Nacional La Raza in Mexico City, Mexico, a tertiary referral center that treat nearly 1000 patients each year. The study included patients older than 18 years with a histopathological diagnosis of malignant melanoma of the nail unit.

The following clinical-pathological variables were collected: affected finger, age, gender, education, affected limb (upper or lower), affected anatomical region (hand or foot, right or left), number of affected finger (1st to 5th), associated trigger prior to the appearance of the tumor (trauma, de novo, nevus), family history of melanoma, Breslow thickness, ulceration, positive sentinel lymph node, clinical stage, Hutchinson's sign, involvement of the hyponychium, presence of nail dystrophy, duration of the lesion until histopathological diagnosis, Clark level, mitotic index, perineural invasion, vascular invasion, tumor spread (local: no lymph node involvement; regional: lymph node involvement; distant: lymph node involvement beyond regional nodes or organs), recurrence, metastasis, and site of metastasis.

Descriptive statistics was used. The involvement of the hyponychium, Hutchinson's sign, the affected segment, and mortality were compared to gender, poor prognostic factors (recurrence, positive sentinel node, Breslow thickness, affected segment), and death using the chi-square test, or Fisher's exact test and the Mann-Whitney U test. P values<.05 were considered statistically significant. This study was approved by Centro Médico Nacional La Raza research ethics committee.

Results

A total of 57 (19%) out of 303 patients diagnosed with melanoma were identified with subungual melanoma, with a median age of 71 years. Most patients were men (n=35; 61.4%), with a median 6-month evolution prior to diagnosis (Table 1).

Table 1.

Clinical and histopathological characteristics of patients with subungual melanoma.

Population  57 
Age (years)  71 (60-82) 
Sex
Man  35 (61.4%) 
Woman  22 (38.6%) 
Level of education
None  6 (10.5%) 
Primary  35 (61.4%) 
Secundary  13 (22.8%) 
High school  1 (1.8%) 
College degree  2 (3.5%) 
Disease progression (months)  6 (3-12) 
Family history of melanoma  30 (53%) 
Clinical features   
Segment affected
Upper limb  27 (47.4%) 
Lower limb  30 (52.6%) 
Region affected
Right hand  10 (17.5%) 
Left hand  17 (29.8%) 
Right foot  16 (28.1%) 
Left foot  14 (24.6%) 
Finger affected
1st  43 (75.4%) 
2nd  3 (5.3%) 
3rd 
4th  3 (5.3%) 
5th  8 (14%) 
Clinical presentation
Longitudinal melanonychia  28 (49%) 
Melanonychia of the entire nail apparatus  5 (9%) 
Nodular neoformation  20 (35%) 
Nail bed ulcer  4 (7%) 
Hutchinson's sign  33 (57.9%) 
Fold affected by Hutchinson's sign:  12 (36%) 
Proximal  1 (3%) 
Distal  15 (46%) 
Proximal + distal + left lateral  5 (15%) 
The entire nail apparatus   
Hyponychium involvement
Nail dystrophy  30 (52.6%) 
Association  15 (26.3%) 
Nevo  5 (8.8%) 
Novo   
Trauma   
Histopathological features   
Histopathological subtype  47 (82.5%) 
Superficial spread  5 (8.8%) 
Nodular  2 (3.5%) 
Acral lentiginous  11 (19.3%) 
Desmoplastic  39 (68.4%) 
Unspecified  1 (1.8%) 
Breslow thickness (mm)  4 (7%) 
No. of mitoses/mm2  3 (0.5-5) 
Ulceration  2 (0.5-3) 
Perineural invasion  20 (35.1%) 
Vascular invasion  8 (14%) 
Clark level  7 (12.3%) 
26 (45.6%) 
II  7 (12.3%) 
III  7 (12.3%) 
IV  16 (28.1%) 
1 (1.8%) 
Positive sentinel node  16 (28.1%) 
Tumor spread   
Local
Regional  41 (72%) 
Distant  11 (19%) 
AJCC 8thEdition Classification  5 (9%) 
IA  16 (28.1%) 
IB  5 (8.8%) 
IIA  9 (15.8%) 
IIB  6 (10.5%) 
IIC  7 (12.3%) 
IIIC  9 (15.8%) 
IV  5 (8.8%) 
Follow-up period (months)  60 (30-100) 
Recurrence  11 (19.3%) 
Time of recurrence (months)  18 (6-25) 
Site of metastasis   
Lung  4 (80%) 
Central nervous system  1 (20%) 
Mortality  5 (8.8%) 
Results are expressed as frequencies (%). medians (q1-q3).   

The most affected body segment was the lower limbs (n=30; 52.6%). However, the most affected region was the left hand (n=17; 29.8%), and overall, the most affected finger was the 1st one (n=43; 75.4%) (Fig. 1A-F).

Figure 1.

Clinical features of subungual melanomas. A) Nail dystrophy with Hutchinson's sign affecting the proximal, left lateral, and distal fold of the right hallux. B) Amelanotic nodular growth on the right hallux. C) 1st finger of the right hand with Hutchinson's sign affecting the entire nail apparatus. D) Right hallux with Hutchinson's sign affecting the entire nail apparatus. E) Left hallux with nodular growth, Hutchinson's sign, and involvement of the proximal, left lateral, and distal fold. F) Longitudinal melanonychia on the right hand 1st finger.

(0.14MB).

Hutchinson's sign was present in 57.9% of the cases, and the hyponychium was compromised in 52.6% of the cases. Most were de novo melanomas (n=47; 82.5%) (Table 1).

The most common histological subtype was acral lentiginous (n=39; 68.4%). Eight out of 11 cases of nodular melanoma reported were amelanotic. The median Breslow thickness and mitosis was 3mm and 2 mitoses per field, respectively. Sentinel lymph node metastasis was confirmed in 16 patients (28.1%). Most patients had localized tumors (n=41; 72%) (Table 1).

According to the AJCC 2018 classification, the most common stage was IA (n=16; 28.1%). The median follow-up was 66 months, with a rate of recurrence of 19.3% and metastasis in 5 cases (9%) [4 (80%) in the lungs]. The mortality rate was 8.8% (Table 1).

Patients with Hutchinson's sign were more prone to having positive sentinel lymph nodes (P=.040). Patients with higher mortality rates were those with 1 recurrence (P=.045), high Breslow thickness (P=.045), positive sentinel lymph nodes (P=.001), and higher AJCC stages (P=.001). No significant differences were found between the clinical-histopathological characteristics and the affected segment (Appendix; Tables 2-4).

Discussion

The incidence of SUM varies depending on the population, from 1% in Caucasians to 23% in Japanese.1–4 In our study, all patients were Mexican mestizos, with an incidence rate of 19%, which is higher than that reported by Mejbel et al. (19% vs 14%, respectively).5 Men are more commonly affected in most series, as the studies conducted by Chakera (61%),2 Mejbel (53%),5 and our own study demonstrated (61.4%), with a median age from 40 to 70 years. A past disease history of over 15 months has been reported. However, in our series, it was shorter (6 months).4,5 Clinically, the lower limbs are often the most affected ones (50% to 60%), mainly the 1st toe (50% to 70%).3–6 However, Chekera et al. reported a higher involvement of the left hand (53%).2 In our study, although the lower limbs were the most affected ones (52.6%), when results were split by region, the left hand revealed more cases of SUM (30%). Although de novo appearance is the most common one (as it was the case in our study), up to 28% of trauma-related cases of SUM have been reported.7–9 Hutchinson's sign has been reported in over 70% of all cases of SUM. However, in our study, it was found in less than 60% of the cases. All our cases had it on one nail only. We should mention that patients with Hutchinson's sign were more prone to having positive sentinel lymph nodes (P <.05).

The most widely reported subtype of SUM is acral lentiginous (57%), with a Breslow thickness median from 1mm to 4mm,3–5 which is similar to that from our study. Ulceration and vascular invasion tend to be more common in this type of melanoma, with incidence rates of 60% to 80% for each of these histopathological characteristics, according to different series.2–8 However, this observation is important since we could confirm lower rates (< 30%) in these variables in our cases. The perineural invasion reported by authors such as Mejbel (22%)5 was similar to the one reported in our study. It can be hypothesized that patients with SUM from the cited studies present with advanced stages of the disease. In our case, earlier stages of the disease were observed (AJCC IA).

The recurrence of SUM varies from 4% to 44%,5–9 which is similar to the results obtained from our study. The presence of distant metastasis was lower in our patients with SUM compared to what Mejbel,5 and Yoo8 reported (8.8% vs 44% and 29.5%, respectively). Also, our population had a lower mortality rate (9%), which differs from the data reported by Chakera et al. (30%).2

The limitations of this study include its retrospective nature, missing data such as melanonychia morphology features, the lack of a control group for comparison purposes, and the need for more statistical power.

In conclusion, this study is the first of its kind to specifically describe the characteristics of the Mexican mestizo population with subungual melanoma, which closely resemble those reported in the current scientific medical literature available. However, we could confirm that our patients presented with earlier stages of the disease, and lower rates of distant metastasis, and mortality. Additionally, Hutchinson's sign could be an early marker for the presence of positive sentinel lymph nodes.

Conflicts of interest

None declared.

References
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