Journal Information
Vol. 100. Issue 8.
Pages 643-656 (October 2009)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 100. Issue 8.
Pages 643-656 (October 2009)
Review article
Full text access
Cutaneous Adverse Reactions to Tattoos and Piercings
Reacciones Cutáneas Adversas por Tatuajes y Piercings
Visits
10547
J. Mataix
Corresponding author
mataixdiaz@hotmail.com

Correspondence: Javier Mataix, Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario, Avda. Pintor Baeza, s/n., 03010 Alicante, Spain.
, J.F. Silvestre
Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Abstract

Piercings and tattoos have become very popular in western society in recent decades, particularly among younger generations. Reports of medical complications associated with these decorative techniques have increased in parallel with the rise in their popularity. Due to their high frequency, adverse cutaneous reactions are particularly important among these potential complications. Tattoo-related complications include a number of cutaneous and systemic infections secondary to breach of the epidermal barrier, acute and delayed inflammatory reactions with different histopathological patterns, the appearance of benign and malignant tumors on tattooed areas of skin, and certain dermatoses triggered by isomorphic phenomena. Piercing-related complications are similar, though some, such as pyogenic skin infections, are much more common due to the delayed wound healing after piercing in certain sites. We must differentiate between complications that are independent of the site of piercing, and specific complications, which are closely related to the body area pierced. The rate of complications after performing piercings or tattoos depends on the experience of the artist, the hygiene techniques applied, and the postprocedural care by the customer. However, some of these complications are unpredictable and depend on factors intrinsic to the patient. In this article, we review the most common decorative techniques of body art, with particular focus on the potential cutaneous complications and their management.

Key words:
scarification
implanting
tattoo
piercing
pocketing
cutaneous adverse reactions
Resumen

En las últimas décadas, la realización de piercings y tatuajes se ha convertido en una práctica muy popular en los países occidentales, especialmente entre los más jóvenes. Paralelamente al auge de estas técnicas decorativas corporales, las comunicaciones acerca de complicaciones médicas asociadas han aumentado. De todas estas complicaciones potenciales destacan por su frecuencia las que afectan a la piel y mucosas. Las complicaciones asociadas a los tatuajes incluyen múltiples procesos infecciosos, cutáneos o sistémicos, debido a la ruptura de la barrera epidérmica, reacciones inflamatorias agudas y crónicas con diferentes patrones histológicos, la aparición de tumores benignos y malignos sobre áreas tatuadas o el brote de ciertas dermatosis por el fenómeno isomórfico. Las complicaciones asociadas a los piercings son similares, aunque algunas de ellas, como las piodermitis, son mucho más comunes debido al lento proceso de cicatrización de la perforación en determinadas localizaciones. Hemos de diferenciar entre las complicaciones que son independientes de la localización del piercing y de las complicaciones específicas, las cuales están estrechamente relacionadas con el área perforada. La tasa de complicaciones tras la realización de tatuajes y perforaciones depende de la experiencia del artista, de las condiciones higiénicas en las que tiene lugar y de los cuidados posteriores tras la realización de la técnica por parte del propio cliente. Sin embargo, algunas de estas complicaciones son impredecibles y dependen de factores intrínsecos del propio paciente. En este artículo revisamos las técnicas decorativas más frecuentes que abarca el body art, con especial interés en sus posibles complicaciones cutáneas y en el manejo de éstas.

Palabras clave:
escarificación
implanting
tatuaje
piercing
pocketing
reacciones cutáneas adversas
Full text is only aviable in PDF
References
[1.]
E. Chimenos-Küstner, I. Batlle-Travé, S. Velásquez-Rengifo, T. García-Carabaño, H. Viñals-Iglesias, X. Roselló-Llabrés.
Estética y cultura: patología bucal asociada a ciertas modas “actuales” (tatuajes, perforaciones bucales, etc.).
Med Oral, 8 (2003), pp. 197-206
[2.]
J. Kazandjieva, N. Tsankov.
Tattoos: dermatological complications.
Clin Dermatol, 25 (2007), pp. 375-382
[3.]
C. Mangas-de Arriba, J.M. Carrascosa-Carrillo, M. Ribera-Pibernat.
Efectos secundarios de los piercings y los tatuajes.
Piel, 19 (2004), pp. 200-205
[4.]
M. Deschesnes, S. Demers, P. Finès.
Prevalence and characteristics of body piercing and tattooing among high school students.
Can J Public Health, 97 (2006), pp. 325-329
[5.]
A.E. Laumann, A.J. Derick.
Tattoos and body piercings in the United States: a national data set.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 55 (2006), pp. 413-421
[6.]
B. Antoszewski, A. Sitek, M. Jedrzejczak, A. Kasielska, J. Kruk-Jeromin.
Are body piercing and tattooing safe fashions?.
Eur J Dermatol, 16 (2006), pp. 572-575
[7.]
M. Kaatz, P. Elsner, A. Bauer.
Body-modifying concepts and dermatologic problems: tattooing and piercing.
[8.]
N. Goldstein.
Tattoos defined.
Clin Dermatol, 25 (2007), pp. 417-420
[9.]
E.M. Van der Velden, E. Stolz, B. Naafs.
Tattooing and its medical aspects.
Int J Dermatol, 32 (1993), pp. 381-384
[10.]
D.R. Adams, M.P. Eid, S. Badreshia, C.T. Ammirati.
A violaceous plaque.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 54 (2006), pp. 185-187
[11.]
I. Polimón-Olabarrieta, F.J. Ortiz-de Frutos, A. Comunión-Artieda, C. Zarco, J.L. Rodríguez-Peralto, L. Iglesias-Díez.
Reacciones al color rojo de los tatuajes.
Actas Dermosifiliogr, 92 (2001), pp. 337-341
[12.]
J.F. Silvestre, M.P. Albares, R. Ramón, R. Botella.
Cutaneous intolerance to tattoos in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus: a manifestation of the immune restoration syndrome.
Arch Dermatol, 137 (2001), pp. 669-670
[13.]
B. Greve, R. Chytry, C. Raulin.
Contact dermatitis from red tattoo pigment (quinacridone) with secondary spread.
Contact Dermatitis, 49 (2003), pp. 265-266
[14.]
N. Goldstein.
Mercury-cadmium sensitivity in tattoos. A photoallergic reaction in red pigment.
Ann Intern Med, 67 (1967), pp. 984-989
[15.]
A. Bjornberg.
Reactions to light in yellow tattoos from cadmium sulphide.
Arch Dermatol, 88 (1963), pp. 267
[16.]
N.J. Mortimer, T.A. Chave, G.A. Johnston.
Red tattoo reactions.
Clin Exp Dermatol, 28 (2003), pp. 508-510
[17.]
J. Clarke, M.M. Black.
Lichenoid tattoo reactions.
Br J Dermatol, 100 (1979), pp. 451-454
[18.]
J. Verdich.
Granulomatous reaction in a red tattoo.
Acta Derm Venereol, 61 (1981), pp. 176-177
[19.]
R.A. Schwartz, C.G. Mathias, C.H. Miller, W.C. Lambert.
Granulomatous reaction to purple tattoo pigment.
Contact Dermatitis, 16 (1987), pp. 198-202
[20.]
W.D. Tope, J.L. Arbiser, L.M. Duncan.
Black tattoo reaction: the peacock's tale.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 35 (1996), pp. 477-479
[21.]
P. Collins, A.T. Evans, W. Gray, D.A. Levison.
Pulmonary sarcoidosis presenting as a granulomatous tattoo reaction.
Br J Dermatol, 130 (1994), pp. 658-662
[22.]
S.M. Ali, A.C. Gilliam, R.T. Brodell.
Sarcoidosis appearing in a tattoo.
J Cutan Med Surg, 12 (2008), pp. 43-48
[23.]
G. Blumental, M.R. Okun, J.A. Ponitch.
Pseudolymphomatous reaction to tattoos. Report of three cases.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 6 (1982), pp. 485-488
[24.]
P. Kahofer, L. El Shabrawi-Caelen, M. Horn, T. Kern, J. Smolle.
Pseudolymphoma occurring in a tattoo.
Eur J Dermatol, 13 (2003), pp. 209-212
[25.]
N. Kluger, F. Plantier.
Pseudo-epitheliomatous hyperplasia, keratoacanthoma, and squamous cell carcinoma occurring within tattoos: diagnostic issues.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 57 (2007), pp. 901-902
[26.]
W. Cui, D.H. McGregor, S.P. Stark, O. Ulusarac, S.C. Mathur.
Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia – an unusual reaction following tattoo: report of a case and review of the literature.
Int J Dermatol, 46 (2007), pp. 743-745
[27.]
K.L. Horner, A.J. Chien, M. Edenholm, R.L. Hornung.
Winnie the Pooh and psoriasis too: an isomorphic response of guttate psoriasis in a tattoo.
Pediatr Dermatol, 24 (2007), pp. 70-72
[28.]
S. Jacobson, D.B. Martin, A. Deng, J.Z. Cooper.
Pyoderma gangrenosum following tattoo placement in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia.
J Dermatolog Treat, 19 (2008), pp. 58-60
[29.]
M. Jolly.
Discoid lupus erythematosus after tattoo: Koebner phenomenon.
Arthritis Rheum, 53 (2005), pp. 627
[30.]
J.C. Pascual, I. Belinchón, J.F. Silvestre, G. Vergara, M. Blanes, J. Bañuls, et al.
Sarcoidosis after highly active antiretroviral therapy in a patient with AIDS.
Clin Exp Dermatol, 29 (2004), pp. 156-158
[31.]
N. Kluger, C. Muller, N. Gral.
Atypical mycobacteria infection following tattooing: review of an outbreak in 8 patients in a French tattoo parlor.
Arch Dermatol, 144 (2008), pp. 941-942
[32.]
R. Wolf, D. Wolf.
A tattooed butterfly as a vector of atypical Mycobacteria.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 48 (2003), pp. S73-S74
[33.]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections among tattoo recipients–Ohio, Kentucky, and Vermont, 2004-2005.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 23 (2006), pp. 677-679
[34.]
A. Ghorpade.
Tattoo inoculation lupus vulgaris in two Indian ladies.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 20 (2006), pp. 476-477
[35.]
H.W. Wong, Y.K. Tay, C.S. Sim.
Papular eruption on a tattoo: a case of primary inoculation tuberculosis.
Australas J Dermatol, 46 (2005), pp. 84-87
[36.]
D.A. Horney, J.M. Gaither, R. Lauer, A.L. Norins, P.N. Mathur.
Cutaneous inoculation tuberculosis secondary to “jailhouse tattooing”.
Arch Dermatol, 121 (1985), pp. 648-650
[37.]
A. Ghorpade.
Inoculation (tattoo) leprosy: a report of 31 cases.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 16 (2002), pp. 494-499
[38.]
V.N. Sehgal, S. Jain, S.N. Bhattacharya, S. Chouhan.
Borderline tuberculoid (BT) leprosy confined to a tattoo.
Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis, 59 (1991), pp. 323-325
[39.]
V.N. Sehgal.
Joginder Tuberculoid (TT) leprosy; localization on a tattoo.
Lepr Rev, 60 (1989), pp. 241-242
[40.]
Tse D, Khan S, Clarke S. Bacterial endocarditis complicating body art. Int J Cardiol. In press 2008.
[41.]
D.K. Satchithananda, J. Walsh, P.M. Schofield.
Bacterial endocarditis following repeated tattooing.
Heart, 85 (2001), pp. 11-12
[42.]
T.M. Korman, M.L. Grayson, J.D. Turnidge.
Polymicrobial septicaemia with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes following traditional tattooing.
J Infect, 35 (1997), pp. 203
[43.]
D.R. Mathur, A. Sahoo.
Pseudomonas septicaemia following tribal tattoo marks.
Trop Geogr Med, 36 (1984), pp. 301-302
[44.]
S. Pérez Gala, A. Alonso Pérez, L. Ríos Buceta, M. Aragüés Montañés, A. García Díez.
Molluscum contagiosum on a multicoloured tattoo.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 20 (2006), pp. 221-222
[45.]
F. Salmaso, L. Gnecchi, R. Gianotti, S. Veraldi.
Molluscum contagiosum on a tattoo.
Acta Derm Venereol, 81 (2001), pp. 146-147
[46.]
U. Trefzer, K.P. Schmollack, E. Stockfleth, W. Sterry, G. Kolde.
Verrucae in a multicolored decorative tattoo.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 50 (2004), pp. 478-479
[47.]
D.M. Miller, R.T. Brodell.
Verruca restricted to the areas of black dye within a tattoo.
Arch Dermatol, 130 (1994), pp. 1453-1454
[48.]
H.P. Ragland, C. Hubbell, K.R. Stewart, L.T. Nesbitt Jr.
Verruca vulgaris inoculated during tattoo placement.
Int J Dermatol, 33 (1994), pp. 796-797
[49.]
M. Rosario Pac, A. Arnedo, M.D. Montaner, P. Prieto, J. García, M. Izuel, et al.
[Epidemic outbreak of hepatitis B from the tattoo in gypsy families].
Rev Esp Salud Publica, 70 (1996), pp. 63-69
[50.]
A.E. Limentani, L.M. Elliott, N.D. Noah, J.K. Lamborn.
An outbreak of hepatitis B from tattooing.
Lancet, 2 (1979), pp. 86-88
[51.]
A. Nishioka Sde, T.W. Gyorkos.
Tattoos as risk factors for transfusion-transmitted diseases.
Int J Infect Dis, 5 (2001), pp. 27-34
[52.]
M.E. Hellard, C.K. Aitken, J.S. Hocking.
Tattooing in prisons–not such a pretty picture.
Am J Infect Control, 35 (2007), pp. 477-480
[53.]
S.A. De Nishioka, T.W. Gyorkos, L. Joseph, J.P. Collet, J.D. MacLean.
Tattooing and transfusion-transmitted diseases in Brazil: a hospital-based cross-sectional matched study.
Eur J Epidemiol, 18 (2003), pp. 441-449
[54.]
C. Parker, G. Kaminski, D. Hill.
Zygomycosis in a tattoo, caused by Saksenaea vasiformis.
Australas J Dermatol, 27 (1986), pp. 107-111
[55.]
A. Alexandridou, A.Y. Reginald, P. Stavrou, G.R. Kirkby.
Candida endophthalmitis after tattooing in an asplenic patient.
Arch Ophthalmol, 120 (2002), pp. 518-519
[56.]
R.R. Brancaccio, M. Berstein, A.A. Fisher, A.R. Shalita.
Tinea in tattoos.
Cutis, 28 (1981), pp. 541-542
[57.]
C. Charnock.
[Tattooing dyes and pigments contaminated with bacteria].
Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen, 124 (2004), pp. 933-935
[58.]
C. Charnock.
Biocidal activity of a bioactive glass-protected, preservative-free tattooing solution.
Am J Infect Control, 34 (2006), pp. 290-295
[59.]
S.O. Shebani, H.F. Miles, P. Simmons, J. Stickley, J.V. De Giovanni.
Awareness of the risk of endocarditis associated with tattooing and body piercing among patients with congenital heart disease and paediatric cardiologists in the United Kingdom.
Arch Dis Child, 92 (2007), pp. 1013-1014
[60.]
Kluger N. Bacterial endocarditis and body art: Suggestions for an active prevention. Int J Cardiol. En prensa 2008.
[61.]
V. Soroush, A.W. Gurevitch, S.K. Peng.
Malignant melanoma in a tattoo: case report and review of the literature.
Cutis, 59 (1997), pp. 111-112
[62.]
H. Sharlit.
Melanoma caused by indelible pencil.
Arch Dermatol, 37 (1938), pp. 301-306
[63.]
N. Kirsch.
Malignant melanoma developing in a tattoo.
Arch Dermatol, 99 (1969), pp. 596-598
[64.]
F.C. Wolfort, J.E. Hoopes, H.S. Filtzer, T.C. Cochran.
Superficial melanoma in a tattoo.
Br J Plastic Surg, 27 (1974), pp. 303-304
[65.]
A.H. Bartal, Y. Cohen, E. Robinson.
Malignant melanoma arising at tattoo sites used for radiotherapy field marking.
Br J Radiol, 53 (1980), pp. 913-914
[66.]
Y.T. Lee, J.R. Craig.
Melanoma in a tattoo of the breast.
J Surg Oncol, 25 (1984), pp. 100-101
[67.]
L. Kircik, S. Armus, H. van den Broek.
Malignant melanoma in a tattoo.
Int J Dermatol, 32 (1993), pp. 297-298
[68.]
I.U. Khan, N.S. Moiemen, J. Firth, J.D. Frame.
Malignant melanoma disguised by a tattoo.
Br J Plast Surg, 53 (2000), pp. 359
[69.]
G. Stinco, V. De Francesco, A. Frattasio, E. Quinkenstein, P. Patrone.
Malignant melanoma in a tattoo.
Dermatology, 206 (2003), pp. 345-346
[70.]
A. Paradisi, R. Capizzi, C. De Simone, B. Fossati, I. Proietti, P.L. Amerio.
Malignant melanoma in a tattoo: case report and review of the literature.
Melanoma Res, 16 (2006), pp. 375-376
[71.]
R.S. Singh, A. Hafeez Diwan, V.G. Prieto.
Potential diagnostic pitfalls in melanoma arising in a cutaneous tattoo.
Histopathology, 51 (2007), pp. 283-285
[72.]
D.A. Wiener, R.K. Scher.
Basal cell carcinoma arising in a tattoo.
Cutis, 39 (1987), pp. 125-126
[73.]
M.J. Earley.
Basal cell carcinoma arising in tattoos: a clinical report of two cases.
Br J Plast Surg, 36 (1983), pp. 258-259
[74.]
A.J. Birnie, K. Kulkarni, S. Varma.
Basal cell carcinoma arising in a tattoo.
Clin Exp Dermatol, 31 (2006), pp. 820-821
[75.]
A.H. Bashir.
Basal cell carcinoma in tattoos: report of two cases.
Br J Plast Surg, 29 (1976), pp. 288-290
[76.]
F. Doumat, W. Kaise, A. Barbaud, J.L. Schmutz.
Basal cell carcinoma in a tattoo.
Dermatology, 208 (2004), pp. 181-182
[77.]
D.G. McQuarrie.
Squamous-cell carcinoma arising in a tattoo.
Minn Med, 49 (1966), pp. 799-801
[78.]
G. Pitarch, T. Martínez-Menchón, A. Martínez-Aparicio, J.L. Sánchez-Carazo, D. Muñoz, J.M. Fortea.
Squamous cell carcinoma over tattoos.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 56 (2007), pp. 1072-1073
[79.]
G. Goldenberg, S. Patel, M.J. Patel, P. Williford, O. Sangueza.
Eruptive squamous cell carcinomas, keratoacanthoma type, arising in a multicolor tattoo.
J Cutan Pathol, 35 (2008), pp. 62-64
[80.]
R. Kleinerman, A. Greenspan, E.K. Hale.
Mohs micrographic surgery for an unusual case of keratoacanthoma arising from a longstanding tattoo.
J Drugs Dermatol, 6 (2007), pp. 931-932
[81.]
N. Kluger, C. Minier-Thoumin, F. Plantier.
Keratoacanthoma occurring within the red dye of a tattoo.
J Cutan Pathol, 35 (2008), pp. 504-507
[82.]
J.A. Chorny, F.V. Stephens, J.L. Cohen.
Eruptive keratoacanthomas in a new tattoo.
Arch Dermatol, 143 (2007), pp. 1457-1458
[83.]
P.A. Baker, G.J. O’Dowd, I.U. Khan.
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans arising in a decorative tattoo.
[84.]
N. Kluger, F. Plantier.
Pseudo-epitheliomatous hyperplasia, keratoacanthoma, and squamous cell carcinoma occurring within tattoos: diagnostic issues.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 57 (2007), pp. 901-902
[85.]
S. Persechino, C. Caperchi, A. Bartolazzi.
Melanoma mimicry on a tattoo: an autograft hypothesis.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 57 (2007), pp. 122-123
[86.]
J. Guitart, L. Lowe, M. Piepkorn, V.G. Prieto, M.S. Rabkin, S.G. Ronan, et al.
Histological characteristics of metastasizing thin melanomas: a case-control study of 43 cases.
Arch Dermatol, 138 (2002), pp. 603-608
[87.]
M. Moehrle, H.J. Blaheta, P. Ruck.
Tattoo pigment mimics positive sentinel lymph node in melanoma.
Dermatology, 203 (2001), pp. 342-344
[88.]
E. Domínguez, V. Alegre, M.L. García-Melgares, C. Laguna, B. Martín, J.L. Sánchez, et al.
Tattoo pigment in two lymph nodes in a patient with melanoma.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 22 (2008), pp. 101-102
[89.]
J.C. García Ortiz, M. Terron, J. Bellido.
Contact allergy to henna.
Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 114 (1997), pp. 298-299
[90.]
I.M. Majoie, D.P. Bruynzeel.
Occupational immediate-type hypersensitivity to henna in a hairdresser.
Am J Contact Dermatol, 7 (1996), pp. 38-40
[91.]
D.M. Arranz, M. Corral, C. Vidaurrázaga, R. de Lucas, R. Díaz.
Riesgos de los tatuajes de henna negra.
An Pediatr (Barc), 63 (2005), pp. 448-452
[92.]
E. Temesvari, B. Podányl, G. Pónyai, I. Németh.
Fragance sensitization caused by temporary henna tattoo.
Contact Dermatitis, 47 (2002), pp. 240
[93.]
J. Mataix, J. Silvestre, M. Blanes, N. Pastor, A. Lucas.
Allergic contact dermatitis to a temporary black harquus tattoo.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 22 (2008), pp. 1245-1247
[94.]
J.F. Fowler, M.K. McTigue.
Patch testing over tattoos.
Am J Contact Dermatitis, 13 (2002), pp. 19-20
[95.]
E.V. Ross, S. Yashar, N. Michaud, R. Fitzpatrick, R. Geronemus, W.D. Tope, et al.
Tattoo darkening and non response after laser treatment: a possible role for titanium dioxide.
Arch Dermatol, 137 (2001), pp. 33-37
[96.]
R.R. Anderson, R. Geronemus, S.L. Kilmer, W. Farinelli, R.E. Fitzpatrick.
Cosmetic tattoo ink darkening. A complication of Q-switched and pulsed-laser treatment.
Arch Dermatol, 129 (1993), pp. 1010-1014
[97.]
A. Zemtsov, L. Wilson.
CO2 laser treatment causes local tattoo allergic reaction to become generalized.
Acta Derm Venereol, 77 (1997), pp. 497
[98.]
R. Ashinov, V. Levine, N.A. Soter.
Allergic reactions to tattoo pigment after laser treatment.
Dermatol Surg, 21 (1995), pp. 291-294
[99.]
T.L. Brooks, E.R. Woods, J.R. Knight, L.A. Shrier.
Body modification and substance use in adolescents: is there a link?.
J Adolesc Health, 32 (2003), pp. 44-49
[100.]
L. Levin, Y. Zadik.
Oral piercing: complications and side effects.
Am J Dent, 20 (2007), pp. 340-344
[101.]
L.B. Mayers, S.H. Chiffriller.
Body art (body piercing and tattooing) among undergraduate university students: “then and now.”.
J Adolesc Health, 42 (2008), pp. 201-203
[102.]
J.B. Guiard-Schmid, H. Picard, L. Slama, C. Maslo, C. Amiel, G. Pialoux, et al.
Piercing and its infectious complications. A public health issue in France.
Presse Med, 29 (2000), pp. 1948-1956
[103.]
B. Razavi, M. Schilling.
Chondritis attributable to Lactobacillus after ear piercing.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 37 (2000), pp. 75-76
[104.]
R. Carelli, F. Fimiani, A. Iovine, P. Vassallo, A. Magli.
Ocular complications of eyebrow piercing.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus, 45 (2008), pp. 184-185
[105.]
M. Javaid, M. Shibu.
Breast implant infection following nipple piercing.
Br J Plast Surg, 52 (1999), pp. 676-677
[106.]
V.R. Jacobs, K. Golombeck, W. Jonat, M. Kiechle.
Three case reports of breast abscess after nipple piercing: underestimated health problems of a fashion phenomenon.
Zentralbl Gynakol, 124 (2002), pp. 378-385
[107.]
C. Kaur, R. Sarkar, A.J. Kanwar.
How safe is nose-piercing? Inoculation cutaneous tuberculosis revisited.
Int J Dermatol, 42 (2003), pp. 645-646
[108.]
T. Ferringer, H. Pride, W. Tyler.
Body piercing complicated by atypical mycobacterial infections.
Pediatr Dermatol, 25 (2008), pp. 219-222
[109.]
D. Barkan, R. Abu Fanne, A. Elazari-Scheiman, S. Maayan, R. Beeri.
Navel piercing as a cause for Streptococcus viridans endocarditis: case report, review of the literature and implications for antibiotic prophylaxis.
Cardiology, 108 (2007), pp. 159-160
[110.]
G. Kloppenburg, J.G. Maessen.
Streptococcus endocarditis after tongue piercing.
J Heart Valve Dis, 16 (2007), pp. 328-330
[111.]
M. Chandra, M.N. Khaja, N. Farees, C.D. Poduri, M.M. Hussain, M. Aejaz Habeeb, et al.
Prevalence, risk factors and genotype distribution of HCV and HBV infection in the tribal population: a community based study in south India.
Trop Gastroenterol, 24 (2003), pp. 193-195
[112.]
A. Dev, V. Sundararajan, W. Sievert.
Ethnic and cultural determinants influence risk assessment for hepatitis C acquisition.
J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 19 (2004), pp. 792-798
[113.]
D. Pugatch, M. Mileno, J.D. Rich.
Possible transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from body piercing.
Clin Infect Dis, 26 (1998), pp. 767-768
[114.]
C. Meijer, M. Bredberg, T. Fischer, L. Widström.
Ear piercing, and nickel and cobalt sensitization, in 520 young Swedish men doing compulsory military service.
Contact Dermatitis, 32 (1995), pp. 147-149
[115.]
A. Ehrlich, M. Kucenic, D.V. Belsito.
Role of body piercing in the induction of metal allergies.
Am J Contact Dermat, 12 (2001), pp. 151-155
[116.]
C. Lidén, K. Norberg.
Nickel on the Swedish market. Follow-up after implementation of the Nickel Directive.
Contact Dermatitis, 52 (2005), pp. 29-35
[117.]
A. Schuh, P. Thomas, W. Kachler, J. Göske, L. Wagner, U. Holzwarth, et al.
Allergic potential of titanium implants.
Orthopade, 34 (2005), pp. 327-328
[118.]
R.G. Rosivack, J.Y. Kao.
Prolonged bleeding following tongue piercing: a case report and review of complications.
Pediatr Dent, 25 (2003), pp. 154-156
[119.]
P.S. Hardee, L.R. Mallya, I.L. Hutchison.
Tongue piercing resulting in hypotensive collapse.
Br Dent J, 188 (2000), pp. 657-658
Copyright © 2009. Academia Española de Dermatología y Venereología and Elsevier España, S.L.
Idiomas
Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas
Article options
Tools
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?