Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica
Original articleAn outbreak of cutaneous infection due to Mycobacterium abscessus associated to mesotherapyBrote de infección cutánea por Mycobacterium abscessus asociado a mesoterapia
Introduction
It is well known that opportunistic mycobacteria occur in soil and water and some are able to produce lesions if introduced into human tissues.1 Occasionally they may enter human skin through injuries and cause localised infection. Nosocomial outbreaks and pseudo-outbreaks caused by the nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have been recognised for more than 30 years and continue to be a problem. Most of these outbreaks have involved the rapidly growing mycobacterial species Mycobacterium fortuitum and M. abscessus (formerly M. chelonae subspecies abscessus).2 The reservoir for these outbreaks is generally municipal and (often separate) hospital water supplies. These mycobacterial species and others are incredibly hardy; able to grow in tap water and distilled water, thrive at temperatures of 45 °C or above (M. xenopi and M. avium complex), and resist the activity of organomercurials, chlorine, 2% concentrations of formaldehyde and alkaline glutaraldehyde, and other commonly used disinfectants.3
Nosocomial disease due to rapidly growing mycobacteria was first reported by Da Costa Cruz in 1938, when he described a patient with a post-injection cutaneous abscess. Post-injection abscesses were also the first disease caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria to be recognised in epidemic form.4, 5 Nosocomial outbreaks, traceable to NTM, have been diagnosed since 1975. Most involve wound infections following cardiac surgery or plastic surgical procedures, and post-injection abscesses. Sporadic disease of an identical nature has also been recognised. The first reported NTM plastic surgery-related outbreak occurred in 1974-1975 in Barcelona, Spain, and involved contaminated commercial merbromin, an organomercurial used for pre-surgical antisepsis of varicose veins that were to be excised.6 The outbreaks occurred in two hospitals and involved M. abscessus. Additional isolates were recovered from other hospitals using merbromin, and ultimately from the commercial merbromin bottles themselves, but there were no recorded outbreaks. Later, in 1985, there were more outbreaks in the U.S.A. and the infections were related to a 1% aqueous solution of gentian violet prepared in distilled water, contaminated with M. abscessus. Although surgical wound infection outbreaks are relatively rare after the 1990s, they still occur and are a reminder of the remarkable survival capacities of NTM to the seemingly inhospitable environment surrounding modern-day-surgery.7
The first post-injection abscess outbreaks were documented in 1961 and 1962. Over the next 30-year period around 11 such outbreaks have been reported, and in six outbreaks occurring before 1980 the exact species involved is uncertain, because of limited taxonomic methods. The taxonomy of the causative agent was well established in the most recent outbreaks (all since 1985): three were M. abscessus, one was M. chelonae, and one was M. fortuitum. Two clinical settings were observed in these 11 outbreaks. One was the use of multi-dose vials or contaminated biological agent for injections.8 In two of the more recent outbreaks the same organism has been recovered from the vials. The second setting involved the inadequate sterilization of equipment used for injections or non-injecting needles (two outbreaks), with contaminated water used for cleaning or rinsing the equipment being the likely source of the outbreak.9 In one of these outbreaks, the causative organism was recovered from the distilled water used for disinfection. The re-use of the same needle in individual patients and the use of the reusable injector syringes in multiple patients also increased the risk of patient-to-patient transmission.
Mesotherapy consists of multiple injections of very small amounts of therapeutic mixtures into the mesoderm. Until now, the mechanism of action and efficacy of this technique is unproven. However, its practice has been increasing in recent decades and is being used to treat joint pain syndromes and obesity.10, 11 Media pressure on physical beauty has extended the use of this technique. Initially, it was only used by physicians, but in recent years it has also been used by unqualified personnel in beauty salons.12, 13 If mesotherapy is not performed with quality controlled substances, this can be a predisposing factor for NTM infection.14, 15 Another problem could be due to the inadequate sterilization of equipment, or contamination during handling, as in the last outbreak in Spain. In that outbreak, the probable source of infection was during the injection process, despite being performed by a physician with sterile gloves, but in a beauty salon, where they had been practicing waxing, facials, etc.16 Beauty salons also have been associated with pedicures or foot baths with furunculosis by NTM.17, 18
Section snippets
Outbreak Description
On 24 February 2009 the Balearic Surveillance Network detected 2 cases of cutaneous infection; with Mycobacterium being isolated in one of them. Both patients had been receiving weekly mesotherapy treatment since the first week of October 2008. Treatment took place in the same aesthetic medicine consultation at a private clinic. Research was initiated to verify that it was an outbreak and if so, to determine the etiology, infection source and transmission mechanism, as well as controlling its
Epidemiological Investigation
We obtained a list of all those people possibly exposed to mesotherapy at the same medical centre from 1st October 2008 through 26 February 2009. The investigation was extended to October 1, 2008 as it was the first session of the reported cases. Moreover, the practice of mesotherapy in summer is very unusual. We contacted every possible individual at risk to verify the exposure. The epidemiological survey included personal, clinical, microbiological data, antibiotic therapies and data on the
Case definition
Each person attending the medical centre and presenting cutaneous infection in an area previously treated with mesotherapy, during the period between 1st October 2008 and 26 February 2009, was considered for the study.
Environmental investigation
On 2nd March 2009 an inspection of the medical centre was conducted and 9 samples collected: surfaces, cotton swabs, antithrombotic cream from an open recipient, 96° alcohol from an open bottle, gauzes from an open pack and sealed ampoules of the drugs used for mesotherapy. The environmental samples were analysed in a local laboratory, while the drugs were sent to the AEMPS, (Spanish Agency for the Medicines and Health Products).
Clinical and microbiological investigation
The incubation period usually varies from 7 to 121 days, often shorter in cases of abscess or cellulitis (8-12 days). In most cases a lesion was detected by the patient or a non-clinic physician within 30 days. Papules, nodules, plaques, ulcers and panniculitis-like lesions are common manifestations. Disseminated infection may occur in immunocompromised patients.19
The possible cases were sent to the Infectious Disease Unit of the reference hospital, where the abscesses would be diagnosed and
Epidemiological investigation results
Seventy individuals at risk were found, most of them women (88.6%), with a wide age range, 19 to 67 years. Seventeen cases were identified (attack rate of 23.9%), all of them women between 19 and 65 years. Demographic and personal conditions between the cases and non-cases were similar. The lesions first appeared on 4 January 2009 and the last reported case was on 12 May 2009. Apart from receiving mesotherapy in the first associated medical centre, there was no other common exposure that could
Clinical and microbiological results
All subjects developed single or multiple lesions, which at first resembled insect bites. Most of the lesions consisted of indurated erythematous papules and nodules. Some were inflamed, with a purple colour, and some progressed to frank abscess formation with fluctuance, suppuration, fistulisation and scarring (Fig. 2). In all cases the infection areas coincided with the location of mesotherapy injections.
Evidence of mycobacterial infection can be obtained by tissue specimens, culture being
Environmental investigation results
All environmental samples tested negative for M. Abscessus, although Paenibacillus provencensis – a saprophytic microorganism - was isolated from the non-used vials for mesotherapy. The drugs were 3 homeopathic products, originated from the same laboratory, in multi-dose vials. No deficiencies were found in the storage conditions at the clinic.
Neither the inspection nor the information collected from the physician and the individuals at risk showed deficiencies in the clinic or in the
Public Health intervention
The intervention of the Public Health Authority consisted of four measures, as follows: first, the temporary cessation of clinical activity was ordered immediately after inspection and sampling, and a disinfection of the aesthetic medicine clinic by an accredited company was required. After demonstrating the drug contamination, a national public health warning was issued, and the products involved withdrawn. Finally, the sterile production in the homeopathic drugs laboratory was suspended.
Discussion and conclusions
The proper hygiene of the clinic, the negativity of all environmental samples and the detection of contamination in the products used for mesotherapy suggest that these were the most likely causes of the outbreak, although there was no laboratory confirmation. The use of multivials could be another possible infection mechanism, if the correct sterile manipulation practices had been broken, as was seen in another outbreak with non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Nevertheless, as no deficiencies at the
Conflict of interests
The authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this study.
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. Javier Gutiérrez de la Peña for helping in the diagnosis and detection of the first cases and Dr. Antoni Campins for contributing to the diagnosis and treatment of the affected persons.
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2020, American Journal of Emergency MedicineCitation Excerpt :However, the drug cocktail exhibits superior efficacy than a saline solution alone in the maintenance of the good results in a longer duration, even though mesotherapy with a saline solution alone or a drug cocktail have similar efficacy in short term in improving musculoskeletal pain [13,22-24]. Mesotherapy has transitory or reversible adverse reactions (allergic reactions, ecchymosis) and minimal local infectious complications, its infectious complications are probably due to external contamination or malpractice rather than the technique itself [25-27]. The correct use of mesotherapy requires clinical and pharmacological skills, aseptic technique, and convenient hygiene and sterilization procedures [8].
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