New and Experimental Treatments of Cloasma and Other Hypermelanoses
Section snippets
Topical skin-lightening agents
Skin depigmentation formulations contain one or several different active compounds that can be classified following their mechanism of melanogenesis inhibition.
Chemical peeling
Chemical peeling is defined as the application of one or more chemical agents that leads to controlled destruction of the skin, thus resulting in the removal of lesions localized in the epidermis or in the upper part of the dermis. Several acids are employed in the treatment of pigmentary disorders but, in addition to other concerning topics, the therapeutic response is often unsatisfactory, and a universally effective chemical peeling has not yet been discovered.
Intradermal microinjection of tranexamic acid
In a prospective open pilot study, 100 women with melasma have been treated weekly with intradermal localized microinjections of tranexamic acid for 12 weeks. The treatment was well tolerated and rated as satisfying by 76.5% of the subjects [46].
Laser treatments
The effectiveness of a laser is based on the theory of selective photodermolysis, which states that when a specific wavelength of energy is delivered in a period of time, shorter than the thermal relaxation time of the targeted chromophore, heating and injury are restricted to the target with less damage to the surrounding tissues. Thermal relaxation of melanosomes, namely time necessary for the target to cool to one-half of its peak temperature after laser light absorption, ranges from 50 nsec
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Hibiscus cannabinus L. leaf and seed in cosmetic formulation: An integrated approach as antioxidant and melanogenesis inhibitor
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2022, Herbal Bioactive-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Challenges and OpportunitiesAcquired brachial cutaneous dyschromatosis
2021, Clinics in DermatologyBackground and different treatment modalities for melasma: Conventional and nanotechnology-based approaches
2020, Journal of Drug Delivery Science and TechnologyCitation Excerpt :It is worthy to note that the frequent daily application of NCAP topical formulation resulted in significant effects after two to four weeks [81]. Ascorbic acid or vitamin C is a potent antioxidant that can inhibit melanogenesis by causing the reduction of dopaquinone to DOPA as well as preventing the formation of free radicals and the absorption of UV radiation [73]. Upon comparing the effectiveness of 4% HQ to 5% ascorbic acid in sixteen patients suffering from hyperpigmentation in a randomized clinical study, results revealed that despite the fact that HQ demonstrated higher efficacy, ascorbic acid was also shown to positively affect melasma treatment.
New oral and topical approaches for the treatment of melasma
2019, International Journal of Women's DermatologyCitation Excerpt :Others agents include azelaic acid, kojic acid, retinoid treatments, niacinamide, corticosteroid medications, salicylic and glycolic acid, arbutin, resveratrol, and resorcinol. These agents and their mechanisms are cited in Table 1 (Al-Niaimi and Chiang, 2017; Birk, 1985; Bissett, 2002; De Caprio, 1999; Deo et al., 2013; Glowka et al., 2018; Grimes, 1995, 2009; Hashim et al., 2018; Huh et al., 2010; Kang, 2005; Keeling et al., 2008; Lajis et al., 2012; Menter, 2004; Monteiro et al., 2013; Navarrete-Solís et al., 2011; Niwano et al., 2018; Nordlund et al., 2006; Olejnik et al., 2018; Paine et al., 2001; Picardo and Carrera, 2007; Pires et al., 2018; Schulte et al., 2015; Tse, 2010; Videira et al., 2013; Wargniez et al., 2017; Wohlrab and Kreft, 2014). Evidence-based studies have suggested that combination products that contain hydroquinone 4%, tretinoin, and a steroid produce the best response (Jutley et al., 2014; Rivas and Pandya, 2013; Sarkar, 2013; Sarma et al., 2017). (
Anti melanogenic effect of Croton roxburghii and Croton sublyratus leaves in α-MSH stimulated B16F10 cells
2019, Journal of Traditional and Complementary MedicineCitation Excerpt :Hydroquinone is one of the most popular depigmenting agents which act by reducing melanin content through suppressing tyrosinase activity. However, adverse effects of hydroquinone application may occur such as erythema, stinging, colloid milium, irritation and allergic contact dermatitis, nail discoloration, transient hypochromia, and paradoxical postinflammatory hypermelanosis.9 Moreover, the prolonged usage of hydroquinone may lead to ochronosis.10