Información de la revista
Vol. 100. Núm. S2.
Mirando hacia el futuro en Dermatología Extraordinario del Centenario. Parte II
Páginas 14-21 (Diciembre 2009)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Spanish PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 100. Núm. S2.
Mirando hacia el futuro en Dermatología Extraordinario del Centenario. Parte II
Páginas 14-21 (Diciembre 2009)
Acceso a texto completo
Cardiometabolic Comorbidities and the Approach to Patients with Psoriasis
Enfermedades cardiometabólicas concomitantes y enfoque de los pacientes con psoriasis
Visitas
4320
P. Gisondi
Autor para correspondencia
paolo.gisondi@univr.it

Correspondence: Department of Biomedical and Surgical Science. Section of Dermatology and Venereology. University of Verona, Italy. Piazzale A. Stefani, 1. 37126 Verona, Italy.
, G. Girolomoni
Department of Biomedical and Surgical Science. Section of Dermatology and Venereology. University of Verona. Italy
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Abstract

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory, immune-mediated skin disease, which may cause significant deterioration in the quality of life. Recent evidence indicates that psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis are frequently associated with cardiometabolic diseases including myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Although the causal relationship between cardiometabolic comorbidities and psoriasis has not yet been completely proven, it appears that obesity is a relevant risk factor for the development of psoriasis and metabolic syndrome. In addition, moderate to severe psoriasis itself is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and the metabolic syndrome. Some common genetic traits as well as inflammatory mechanisms may underlie the development of psoriasis and cardiometabolic comorbidities. The presence of comorbidities has important implications in the global approach to patients with psoriasis. Traditional systemic anti-psoriatic agents could negatively affect cardiometabolic comorbidities, and may have important interactions with drugs commonly used by psoriasis patients. In contrast, the recent findings that the risk of myocardial infarction is markedly reduced in rheumatoid arthritis patients who respond to anti-TNF-α therapy compared with non-responders supports the hypothesis that the anti-inflammatory effect of TNF-α blockers might potentially reduce the cardiovascular risk also in psoriasis patients. Finally, patients with moderate to severe psoriasis should be treated promptly and effectively, should also be encouraged to drastically correct their modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, in particular obesity and smoking habit.

Key words:
psoriasis
metabolic syndrome
obesity
cardiovascular risk
Resumen

La psoriasis es una enfermedad cutánea inflamatoria e inmunológica que puede ocasionar un deterioro significativo de la calidad de vida.

La evidencia reciente señala que la psoriasis y la artritis psoriásica se asocian con enfermedades cardiometabólicas que comprenden el infarto de miocardio, el accidente cerebrovascular, la diabetes, la obesidad, la dislipemia y la esteatosis hepática de origen no etílico. Aunque la relación causal entre las enfermedades cardiometabólicas concomitantes y la psoriasis aún no se ha demostrado completamente, parece que la obesidad es un factor de riesgo relevante para el desarrollo de la psoriasis y del síndrome metabólico. Además, la psoriasis moderada o grave es, en sí misma, un factor de riesgo para la enfermedad cardiovascular y el síndrome metabólico. En el desarrollo de la psoriasis y las enfermedades cardiometabólicas concomitantes podrían subyacer algunos rasgos genéticos, así como mecanismos inflamatorios comunes. La presencia de enfermedades concomitantes tiene importantes implicaciones en la estrategia global de tratamiento de los pacientes con psoriasis. Los fármacos sistémicos antipsoriásicos tradicionales pueden influir negativamente en las enfermedades cardiometabólicas concomitantes y pueden presentar importantes interacciones con fármacos frecuentemente utilizados en pacientes con psoriasis.

En contraposición, los hallazgos recientes sobre la marcada disminución del riesgo de infarto de miocardio en pacientes con artritis reumatoide que responden a la terapia anti-TNF-α, comparados con los no respondedores, apoya la hipótesis de que el efecto antinflamatorio de los bloqueantes del TNF-α podría, potencialmente, reducir también el riesgo cardiovascular en los pacientes con psoriasis. Por último, los pacientes con psoriasis moderada a grave deben ser tratados rápida y eficazmente y se les debe animar a corregir radicalmente los factores modificables de riesgo cardiovascular, en particular la obesidad y el hábito tabáquico.

Palabras clave:
psoriasis
síndrome metabólico
obesidad
riesgo cardiovascular
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
References
[1.]
J.E. Gudjonsson, J.T. Elder.
Psoriasis: epidemiology.
Clin Dermatol, 25 (2007), pp. 535-546
[2.]
J.H. Zippin.
The genetics of psoriasis.
J Drugs Dermatol, 8 (2009), pp. 414-417
[3.]
F.O. Nestle.
Psoriasis.
Curr Dir Autoimmun, 10 (2008), pp. 65-75
[4.]
M.A. Lowes, A.M. Bowcock, J.G. Krueger.
Pathogenesis and therapy of psoriasis.
Nature, 445 (2007), pp. 866-873
[5.]
H. Bachelez.
Immunopathogenesis of psoriasis: recent insights on the role of adaptive and innate immunity.
J Autoimmun, 25 (2005), pp. 69-73
[6.]
M.A. Lowes, T. Kikuchi, J. Fuentes-Duculan, I. Cardinale, L.C. Zaba, A.S. Haider, et al.
Psoriasis vulgaris lesions contain discrete populations of Th1 and Th17 T cells.
J Invest Dermatol, 128 (2008), pp. 1207-1211
[7.]
C. Albanesi, C. Scarponi, A. Cavani, M. Federici, F. Nasorri, G. Girolomoni.
Interleukin-17 is produced by both Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes, and modulates interferon-gamma- and interleukin-4-induced activation of human keratinocytes.
J Invest Dermatol, 115 (2000), pp. 81-87
[8.]
H.L. Ma, S. Liang, J. Li, L. Napierata, T. Brown, S. Benoit, et al.
IL-22 is required for Th17 cell-mediated pathology in a mouse model of psoriasis-like skin inflammation.
J Clin Invest, 118 (2008), pp. 597-607
[9.]
C. Albanesi, C. Scarponi, S. Pallotta, R. Daniele, D. Bosisio, S. Madonna, et al.
Chemerin expression marks early psoriatic skin lesions and correlates with plasmacytoid dendritic cell recruitment.
J Exp Med, 206 (2009), pp. 249-258
[10.]
S. Prodanovich, M.L. Shelling, D.G. Federman, R.S. Kirsner.
Cytokine milieu in psoriasis and cardiovascular disease may explain the epidemiological findings relating these 2 diseases.
Arch Dermatol, 144 (2008), pp. 1518-1519
[11.]
J. Tordjman, M. Guerre-Millo, K. Clément.
Adipose tissue inflammation and liver pathology in human obesity.
Diabetes Metab, 34 (2008), pp. 658-663
[12.]
Y. Alamanos, P.V. Voulgari, A.A. Drosos.
Incidence and prevalence of psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review.
J Rheumatol, 35 (2008), pp. 1354-1358
[13.]
P. Gisondi, G. Girolomoni, F. Sampogna, S. Tabolli, D. Abeni.
Prevalence of psoriatic arthritis and joint complaints in a large population of Italian patients hospitalised for psoriasis.
Eur J Dermatol, 15 (2005), pp. 279-283
[14.]
P. Gisondi, I. Tinazzi, G. El-Dalati, M. Gallo, D. Biasi, L.M. Barbara, et al.
Lower limb enthesopathy in patients with psoriasis without clinical signs of arthropathy: a hospital-based case-control study.
Ann Rheum Dis, 67 (2008), pp. 26-30
[15.]
J.A. Husted, B.D. Tom, V.T. Farewell, C.T. Schentag, D.D. Gladman.
A longitudinal study of the effect of disease activity and clinical damage on physical function over the course of psoriatic arthritis: Does the effect change over time?.
Arthritis Rheum, 56 (2007), pp. 840-849
[16.]
J.M. Schmitt, D.E. Ford.
Role of depression in quality of life for patients with psoriasis.
Dermatology, 215 (2007), pp. 17-27
[17.]
F.C. Wilson, M. Icen, C.S. Crowson, M.T. McEvoy, S.E. Gabriel, H.M. Kremers.
Incidence and clinical predictors of psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis: a population-based study.
Arthritis Rheum, 61 (2009), pp. 233-239
[18.]
P. Gisondi, G. Girolomoni.
Psoriasis and atherothrombotic diseases: disease-specific and non-disease-specific risk factors.
Semin Thromb Hemost, 35 (2009), pp. 313-324
[19.]
C.J. McDonald, P. Calabresi.
Psoriasis and occlusive vascular disease.
Br J Dermatol, 99 (1978), pp. 469-475
[20.]
L. Mallbris, O. Akre, F. Granath, L. Yin, B. Lindelöf, A. Ekbom, et al.
Increased risk for cardiovascular mortality in psoriasis inpatients but not in outpatients.
Eur J Epidemiol, 19 (2004), pp. 225-230
[21.]
J.M. Gelfand, A.L. Neimann, D.B. Shin, X. Wang, D.J. Margolis, A.B. Troxel.
Risk of myocardial infarction in patients with psoriasis.
JAMA, 296 (2006), pp. 1735-1741
[22.]
J.M. Gelfand, E.D. Dommasch, D.B. Shin, R.S. Azfar, S.K. Kurd, X. Wang, et al.
The risk of stroke in patients with psoriasis.
J Invest Dermatol, 129 (2009), pp. 2411-2418
[23.]
R.J. Ludwig, C. Herzog, A. Rostock, F.R. Ochsendorf, T.M. Zollner, D. Thaci, et al.
Psoriasis: a possible risk factor for development of coronary artery calcification.
Br J Dermatol, 156 (2007), pp. 271-276
[24.]
P. Gisondi, F. Fantin, M. Del Giglio, F. Valbusa, F. Marino, M. Zamboni, et al.
Chronic plaque psoriasis is associated with increased arterial stiffness.
Dermatology, 218 (2009), pp. 110-113
[25.]
S. Ucak, T.R. Ekmekci, O. Basat, A. Koslu, Y. Altuntas.
Comparison of various insulin sensitivity indices in psoriatic patients and their relationship with type of psoriasis.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 20 (2006), pp. 517-522
[26.]
S. Boehncke, D. Thaci, H. Beschmann, R.J. Ludwig, H. Ackermann, K. Badenhoop, et al.
Psoriasis patients show signs of insulin resistance.
Br J Dermatol, 157 (2007), pp. 1249-1251
[27.]
J.A. Kaye, L. Li, S.S. Jick.
Incidence of risk factors for myocardial infarction and other vascular diseases in patients with psoriasis.
Br J Dermatol, 159 (2008), pp. 895-902
[28.]
J. Shapiro, A.D. Cohen, M. David, E. Hodak, G. Chodik, A. Viner, et al.
The association between psoriasis, diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis in Israel: a case-control study.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 56 (2007), pp. 629-634
[29.]
A.L. Neimann, D.B. Shin, X. Wang, D.J. Margolis, A.B. Troxel, J.M. Gelfand.
Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with psoriasis.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 55 (2006), pp. 829-835
[30.]
A.D. Cohen, J. Dreiher, Y. Shapiro, L. Vidavsky, D.A. Vardy, B. Davidovici, et al.
Psoriasis and diabetes: a population-based cross-sectional study.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 22 (2008), pp. 585-589
[31.]
N. Wolf, M. Quaranta, N.J. Prescott, M. Allen, R. Smith, A.D. Burden, et al.
Psoriasis is associated with pleiotropic susceptibility loci identified in type II diabetes and Crohn disease.
J Med Genet, 45 (2008), pp. 114-116
[32.]
P. Rocha-Pereira, A. Santos-Silva, I. Rebelo, A. Figueiredo, A. Quintanilha, F. Teixeira.
Dislipidemia and oxidative stress in mild and in severe psoriasis as a risk for cardiovascular disease.
Clin Chim Acta, 303 (2001), pp. 33-39
[33.]
M. Wakkee, H.B. Thio, E.P. Prens, E.J. Sijbrands, H.A. Neumann.
Unfavorable cardiovascular risk profiles in untreated and treated psoriasis patients.
[34.]
L. Mallbris, F. Granath, A. Hamsten, M. Ståhle.
Psoriasis is associated with lipid abnormalities at the onset of skin disease.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 54 (2006), pp. 614-621
[35.]
E. Campalani, M.H. Allen, D. Fairhurst, H.S. Young, C.O. Mendonca, A.D. Burden, et al.
Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms are associated with psoriasis but do not determine disease response to acitretin.
Br J Dermatol, 154 (2006), pp. 345-352
[36.]
C.F. Chang, C.C. Lin, J.Y. Chen, A.H. Yang, M.S. Shiao, J.T. Kao, et al.
Lipoprotein glomerulopathy associated with psoriasis vulgaris: report of 2 cases with apolipoprotein E3/3.
Am J Kidney Dis, 42 (2003), pp. 18-23
[37.]
M.D. Herron, M. Hinckley, M.S. Hoffman, J. Papenfuss, C.B. Hansen, K.P. Callis, et al.
Impact of obesity and smoking on psoriasis presentation and management.
Arch Dermatol, 141 (2005), pp. 1527-1534
[38.]
B. Lindegård.
Diseases associated with psoriasis in a general population of 159,200 middle-aged, urban, native Swedes.
Dermatologica, 172 (1986), pp. 298-304
[39.]
L. Naldi, L. Chatenoud, D. Linder, A. Belloni Fortina, A. Peserico, A.R. Virgili, et al.
Cigarette smoking, body mass index, and stressful life events as risk factors for psoriasis: results from an Italian case-control study.
J Invest Dermatol, 125 (2005), pp. 61-67
[40.]
A.R. Setty, G. Curhan, H.K. Choi.
Obesity, waist circumference, weight change, and the risk of psoriasis in women: Nurses’ Health Study II.
Arch Intern Med, 167 (2007), pp. 1670-1675
[41.]
A. Johnston, S. Arnadottir, J.E. Gudjonsson, A. Aphale, A.A. Sigmarsdottir, S.I. Gunnarsson, et al.
Obesity in psoriasis: leptin and resistin as mediators of cutaneous inflammation.
Br J Dermatol, 159 (2008), pp. 342-350
[42.]
L. Naldi, A. Addis, S. Chimenti, A. Giannetti, M. Picardo, C. Tomino, et al.
Impact of body mass index and obesity on clinical response to systemic treatment for psoriasis. Evidence from the psocare project.
Dermatology, 217 (2008), pp. 365-373
[43.]
L. Clark, M. Lebwohl.
The effect of weight on the efficacy of biologic therapy in patients with psoriasis.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 58 (2008), pp. 443-446
[44.]
P. Gisondi, M. Del Giglio, V. Di Francesco, M. Zamboni, G. Girolomoni.
Weight loss makes obese patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis highly responsive to low dose cyclosporine: a randomized, controlled, investigator blinded, clinical trial.
Am J Clin Nutr, 88 (2008), pp. 1242-1247
[45.]
S.M. Grundy, H.B. Brewer Jr, J.I. Cleeman, S.C. Smith Jr, C. Lenfant.
American Heart Association; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Definition of metabolic syndrome: Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/ American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition.
Circulation, 109 (2004), pp. 433-438
[46.]
National Institute of Health. Third report of the national Cholesterol Education Program Export Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treament Panel III). Executive Summary. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Health, National Hearth, Lung and Blood Institute; 2001. (NIH publ no 01-3670).
[47.]
P. Gisondi, G. Tessari, A. Conti, S. Piaserico, S. Schianchi, A. Peserico, et al.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with psoriasis: a hospital-based case-control study.
Br J Dermatol, 157 (2007), pp. 68-73
[48.]
D.M. Sommer, S. Jenisch, M. Suchan, E. Christophers, M. Weichenthal.
Increased prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis.
Arch Dermatol Res, 298 (2006), pp. 321-328
[49.]
M. Levi, M. Nieuwdorp, T. van der Poll, E. Stroes.
Metabolic modulation of inflammation-induced activation of coagulation.
Semin Thromb Hemost, 34 (2008), pp. 26-32
[50.]
M. Nieuwdorp, E.S. Stroes, J.C. Meijers, H. Büller.
Hypercoagulability in the metabolic syndrome.
Curr Opin Pharmacol, 5 (2005), pp. 155-159
[51.]
N.M. de Alwis, C.P. Day.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the mist gradually clears.
J Hepatol, 48 (2008), pp. S104-S112
[52.]
A. Kotronen, H. Yki-Järvinen.
Fatty liver: a novel component of the metabolic syndrome.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 28 (2008), pp. 27-38
[53.]
G. Targher, L. Bertolini, R. Padovani, S. Rodella, R. Tessari, L. Zenari, et al.
Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its association with cardiovascular disease among type 2 diabetic patients.
Diabetes Care, 30 (2007), pp. 1212-1218
[54.]
Gisondi P, Targher G, Zoppini G, Girolomoni G. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. J Hepatol. 2009 [in press].
[55.]
G. Marchesini, R. Marzocchi, F. Agostini, E. Bugianesi.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the metabolic syndrome.
Curr Opin Lipidol, 16 (2005), pp. 421-427
[56.]
S. Abiru, K. Migita, Y. Maeda, M. Daikoku, M. Ito, K. Ohata, et al.
Serum cytokine and soluble cytokine receptor levels in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
[57.]
P. Loria, A. Lonardo, S. Bellentani, C.P. Day, G. Marchesini, N. Carulli.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cardiovascular disease: an open question.
Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 17 (2007), pp. 684-698
[58.]
S. Prodanovich, F. Ma, J.R. Taylor, C. Pezon, T. Fasihi, R.S. Kirsner.
Methotrexate reduces incidence of vascular diseases in veterans with psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 52 (2005), pp. 262-267
[59.]
P. Rosenberg, H. Urwitz, A. Johannesson, A.M. Ros, J. Lindholm, N. Kinnman, et al.
Psoriasis patients with diabetes type 2 are at high risk of developing liver fibrosis during methotrexate treatment.
J Hepatol, 46 (2007), pp. 1111-1118
[60.]
A. Menter, N.J. Korman, C.A. Elmets, S.R. Feldman, J.M. Gelfand, K.B. Gordon, et al.
Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis Section. Guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with traditional systemic agents.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 61 (2009), pp. 451-485
[61.]
C. Vahlquist, A.G. Olsson, A. Lindholm, A. Vahlquist.
Effects of gemfibrozil (Lopid) on hyperlipidemia in acitretin-treated patients. Results of a double-blind cross-over study.
Acta Derm Venereol, 75 (1995), pp. 377-380
[62.]
C. Antoniou, C. Dessinioti, A. Katsambas, A.J. Stratigos.
Elevated triglyceride and cholesterol levels after intravenous antitumour necrosis factor-alpha therapy in a patient with psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis vulgaris.
Br J Dermatol, 156 (2007), pp. 1090-1091
[63.]
G. Stinco, F. Piccirillo, P. Patrone.
Hypertriglyceridaemia during treatment with adalimumab in psoriatic arthritis.
Br J Dermatol, 157 (2007), pp. 1273-1274
[64.]
L. Dominique.
Liver toxicity of TNFalpha antagonists.
Joint Bone Spine, 75 (2008), pp. 636-638
[65.]
P. Gisondi, C. Cotena, G. Tessari, G. Girolomoni.
Anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha therapy increases body weight in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis: a retrospective cohort study.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 22 (2008), pp. 341-344
[66.]
R. Saraceno, C. Schipani, A. Mazzotta, M. Esposito, L. Di Renzo, A. De Lorenzo, et al.
Effect of anti-tumor necrosis factor- alpha therapies on body mass index in patients with psoriasis.
Pharmacol Res, 57 (2008), pp. 290-295
[67.]
D. Franchimont, S. Roland, T. Gustot, E. Quertinmont, Y. Toubouti, M.C. Gervy, et al.
Impact of infliximab on serum leptin levels in patients with Crohn's disease.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90 (2005), pp. 3510-3516
[68.]
W.G. Dixon, K.D. Watson, M. Lunt, K.L. Hyrich.
Reduction in the incidence of myocardial infarction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who respond to anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register.
Arthritis Rheum, 56 (2007), pp. 2905-2912
[69.]
S. Bosello, A. Santoliquido, A. Zoli, C. Di Campli, R. Flore, P. Tondi, et al.
TNF-alpha blockade induces a reversible but transient effect on endothelial dysfunction in patients with long-standing severe rheumatoid arthritis.
Clin Rheumatol, 27 (2008), pp. 833-839
[70.]
T. Nijsten, M. Wakkee.
Complexity of the association between psoriasis and comorbidities.
J Invest Dermatol, 129 (2009), pp. 1601-1603
Copyright © 2009. Academia Española de Dermatología y Venereología
Idiomas
Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas
Opciones de artículo
Herramientas
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?